The Use and Usefulness of Artificial Herbivory in Plant-Herbivore Studies K. Lehtilä & E. Boalt Chapter 1409 Accesses 20 Citations Part of the Ecological Studies book series (ECOLSTUD,volume 173) Summary Artificial damage is a popular method in plant-herbivore studies, because the use of real herbivores is often laborious and because it may be virtually impossible to use herbivores in many experimental setups. We made a literature search of studies that tested whether natural and artificial damage have similar effects on plants. Of 46 studies found, 33 (72%) reported a significant difference between responses to artificial and natural herbivore damage in at least one of the statistical tests included. The studies contained 280 statistical tests, of which 99 (35%) showed a significant difference between artificial and natural damage. Phytochemical responses to artificial and natural damage were different in 41% of the statistical tests and 75% of the studies found at least one significant difference. Plant resistance, measured as secondary damage, herbivore performance, fungal growth in damaged tissue or plant attractivity to parasitoids of herbivores, differed in 60% of the statistical tests and 85% of the studies had significant differences. Growth, reproduction and physiological responses to artificial and natural damage differed in 20–30% of statistical tests and 50–83% of studies had significant differences. Thus, studies on plant tolerance (growth and reproduction after damage) more often showed similar effects for artificial and natural damage than studies on plant resistance to herbivory, but even in tolerance studies artificial and natural damage often have different effects. Some studies indicated that application of herbivore saliva and careful imitation of timing and spatial pattern of damage helped in reaching the same effect with simulations and natural damage. ——— IBPGR Train Courses: Lecture Series 2 (1989) Evaluating Tobacco for Resistance to Insect Pests D. Michael Jackson and R.F. Severson Accumulation of nicotine in tobacco leaves begins in young plants and increases until leaves mature. ——— Jasmonate action in plant growth and development Huang Huang, Bei Liu, Liangyu Liu, Susheng Song Author Notes Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 68, Issue 6, 1 March 2017, Pages 1349–1359, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erw495 Published: 02 February 2017 The jasmonates (JAs), including jasmonic acid and its derivatives, are plant hormones that control plant defenses against herbivore attack and pathogen infection; confer tolerance to abiotic stresses, including ozone, ultraviolet radiation, high temperatures, and freezing; and regulate various aspects of development, including root growth, stamen development, flowering, and leaf senescence (Goossens et al., 2016; Howe and Jander, 2008; Wasternack and Hause, 2013). JA promotes lateral root formation in Arabidopsis by up-regulating the expression of ERF109, which binds to and activates the promoters of the auxin biosynthetic genes ANTHRANILATE SYNTHASE Α1 (ASA1) and YUCCA2 (Cai et al., 2014b; Sun et al., 2009). ——— Published: 17 July 2019 Chemical Responses of Nicotiana tabacum (Solanaceae) Induced by Vibrational Signals of a Generalist Herbivore Carlos F. Pinto, D. Torrico-Bazoberry, M. Penna, R. Cossio-Rodríguez, R. Cocroft, H. Appel & H. M. Niemeyer Journal of Chemical Ecology volume 45, pages708–714 (2019) We measured the concentration of nicotine, nornicotine, anabasine and anatabine in four treatments applied to 11-weeks old tobacco plant: a) Co = undamaged plants, b) Eq = Playback equipment attached to the plant without VS, c) Ca = Plants attacked by P. operculella herbivory and d) Pl = playback of VS of P. operculella feeding on tobacco. We found that nicotine, the most abundant alkaloid, increased more than 2.6 times in the Ca and Pl treatments as compared with the Co and Eq treatments, which were similar between them. Nornicotine, anabasine and anatabine were mutually correlated and showed similar concentration patterns, being higher in the Eq treatment. Results are discussed in terms of the adaptive significance of plant responses to ecologically important VS stimuli. ——— Phytochemistry Volume 61, Issue 7, December 2002, Pages 797-805 Phytochemistry Wound-induced gene expression of putrescine N-methyltransferase in leaves of Nicotiana tabacum NitaSachan, Deane LFalcone Nicotine and tropane alkaloids in various solanaceous plants are dependent on putrescine N-methyltransferase (PMT) to catalyze the committed step in their biosynthesis. While this synthesis is well known to be restricted to roots, evidence has been obtained suggesting that mechanical wounding can induce transient and highly localized PMT gene expression in tobacco leaves. ——— Nicotine synthesis in Nicotiana tabacum L. induced by mechanical wounding is regulated by auxin Qiumei Shi, Chunjian Li, Fusuo Zhang Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 57, Issue 11, August 2006, Pages 2899–2907, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erl051 Published: 25 July 2006 The effects of different kinds of mechanical wounding on nicotine production in tobacco plants were compared, with sand or hydroponics culture under controlled conditions. Both removal of the shoot apex and damage of the youngest unfolded leaves nos 1 and 2 by a comb-like brusher with 720 punctures caused an increase in nicotine concentration in whole plants at day 3, and reached its highest level at day 6. The nicotine concentration induced by excision of the shoot apex was much higher than that induced by leaf wounding. Both treatments also caused an increase in jasmonic acid (JA) concentration within 90 min in the shoot, followed by an increase in the roots (210 min), in which the JA concentration induced by leaf wounding was significantly higher than that induced by excision of the shoot apex. ——— Physiological integration of roots and shoots in plant defense strategies links above- and belowground herbivory Ian Kaplan,Rayko Halitschke,Andre Kessler,Brian J. Rehill,Sandra Sardanelli,Robert F. Denno First published: 08 July 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01200.x we use stable isotope and invertase enzyme analyses to demonstrate that foliar herbivory elicits a putative tolerance response whereby aboveground nutritional reserves are allocated to roots....